Chronology of the Late Cenozoic Patagonian glaciations and their correlation with biostratigraphic units of the Pampean region (Argentina)

The absolute chronology of the Patagonian glaciations is one of the most complete in the world and probably the best available for the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica. The oldest known Patagonian glaciations took place between approximately 7 and 5 Ma (Latest Miocene–Earliest Pliocene). A minimum of eight glaciations occurred in the Middle–Late Pliocene (Oxygen Isotopic Stages 54–82). The Great Patagonian Glaciations (GPG) developed between 1.168 and 1.016 Ma (OIS 30–34; Early Pleistocene). After the GPG, 14–16 cold (glacial/stadial) geoclimatic events intercalated with their corresponding warm (interglacial/interstadial) equivalents. Thirteen post-GPG moraines have been identified, some of the Early–Middle Pleistocene and others of the Last Glaciation (LG). The LG reached its maximum around 25,000 and ended nearly 16,000 calendar years ago (OIS 2; Late Pleistocene). Finally, two readvances (or stationary phases) took place during the Late Glacial (15,000–10,000 C years BP). During these glacial events, climatic and environmental changes had a great influence on the landscape and Patagonian/Pampean ecosystem development during the last 5 Myr. Loess/paleosol sequences probably developed in the Pampas along this period, as in northern China, though much more poorly preserved. The model of replacement of the terrestrial Pampean faunas since the LGM proposes the exchange of Patagonian for Brazilian species in the Holocene with megafauna extinction. If this model fits previous cycles as well, regional faunistic interchange would have taken place at least 14 times since the GPG and perhaps more than 50 times since the Early Pliocene. These mechanisms should be taken into consideration in the study of paleobiogeographical distribution, ecosystem displacements, and extinction processes since 5 Ma. The environmental impact of climatic changes also should be considered when analyzing the early peopling of Patagonia during Late Glacial times. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.